Demographics
Data on Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders is extremely limited and is often confounded by the tendency to aggregate races with different patterns of health risk under headings such as Asians and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs). Such headings are problematic as they do not recognize the diversity that exists within this population group (Louie, 2001). For example, the average life expectancy for AAPIs is 80.7 years—higher than the life expectancy for the total U.S. general population (76.1 years). However, AAPIs include both the Japanese, who have one of the longest life expectancies at 82.1 years, and Native Hawaiians who have one of the lowest at 68.3 years. Data on specific races by age group is even less available, highlighting the need for continued research in this area.
Accordingly, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) introduced a new racial category in 2000 that identified Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders as a separate category disaggregated from Asian Americans (Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), & Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Accessed August 29, 2007). This curriculum will use OMB’s definition of race and ethnicity.
Within this new racial category, Native Hawaiians comprise the largest proportion of individuals followed by Samoan and Guamanian/Chamorro (Figure 1) (US Census Bureau, Accessed August 29, 2007). However, other Pacific Islander groups exist in the US but are limited by the relatively small size of their total population.
For the purposes of this curriculum, the scope was limited to the following racial/ethnic groups based on available literature:
- Native Hawaiian (the indigenous population of the State of Hawai’i),
- Samoan (the indigenous population of Samoa or Western Samoa),
- Tongan (the indigenous population of the island nation of Tonga),
- Guamanian/Chamorro (the indigenous population of the island nation of Guam),
- Micronesian (the indigenous population of the cluster of islands of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Marshall Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana) and
- Fijian (the indigenous population of the island nation of Fiji).
Ethnologically, the Pacific Rim area can be described by three regions:
- Micronesia (i.e. Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas islands, Guam),
- Melanesia (i.e. Tonga, Fiji), and
- Polynesia (i.e. Samoa, Hawai’i).
These groupings are can be helpful in that they cluster people by a common heritage and in some cases by linguistics, cultural practices and values (Chappell 1997).
The Census release indicates that in 2020, 47 percent of Native Hawaiians lived in Hawaiʻi, while 53 percent resided on the continent, contrasting with 2010 when 55 percent lived in Hawaiʻi and 45 percent in other states.
The data also reveal that while the size of the Native Hawaiian populations in Hawaiʻi and on the continent both increased, the continental Native Hawaiian population is growing five times faster than the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaiʻi. Overall, 680,442 Native Hawaiians were counted in the United States in 2020, a 29 percent increase over 2010.
The five states on the continent with the highest counts of Native Hawaiians are California, Washington, Nevada, Texas, and Oregon. These are the same states identified in 2010.
In general, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are known to bear a disproportionately higher prevalence of many common conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, key health indicators such as life expectancy continue to document disparities that exist between Pacific Islanders and the general U.S. population (Park 2009).
