Explanatory Models of Health and Ilness
Introduced by Arthur Kleinman and colleagues in the 1970s to recognize and validate patients’ conceptions, explanations, and expectations of their own illness experiences, many of which are based on cultural beliefs.
History of Double and Triple Jeopardy Hypotheses of Minorities, Aging, and Health
Discussed extensively in the geriatric literature in the 1970s and 1980s suggesting that as minorities grow older they are even more disadvantaged in health than at younger ages. Studies and discussions in the 1990s generally suggested there is little documented additional disadvantage with age among minority older adults (Markides, Liang, & Jackson, 1990).
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
- Microsystem: Including any person or environment with which the person has direct day to day contacts (e.g., family, friends).
- Mesosystem: Involving the interactions of multiple Microsystems, (e.g., family members’ lack of agreement with diet prescriptions).
- Exosystem: Involving the larger community, especially decision-making bodies.
- Macrosystem: The overarching cultural belief systems which influence how individuals in each context interact with one another (e.g., health care providers’ attitudes about aging, ethnic older adults’ view of themselves).
- Chronosystem: The dimension of time, (e.g., the historical embeddedness of aging, health care, and ethnicity).
